Expert consensus on standard clinical management of neonatal hypoglycemia in China (2021) / 中国当代儿科杂志

There are many high-risk factors for neonatal hypoglycemia, and persistent severe hypoglycemia can lead to irreversible neurological damage and bring a great burden to family and society. Early standardized prevention and clinical management can effectively reduce the incidence rate of neonatal hypoglycemia and brain injury induced by hypoglycemia; however at present, there is still a lack of unified clinical management guidelines for neonatal hypoglycemia in China, and different medical institutions follow different clinical guidelines developed by other countries for the management of neonatal hypoglycemia. In order to further standardize the clinical management of neonatal hypoglycemia, this consensus is developed by the Group of Neonatology, Pediatric Society, Chinese Medical Association. This consensus provides 21 recommendations to address related clinical issues in the prevention, monitoring, and management of hypoglycemia in neonates with a gestational age of ≥35 weeks.

Factors associated with glycemic variability in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus based on flash glucose monitoring system / 中南大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVES@#Patients with classical type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) require lifelong dependence on exogenous insulin therapy due to pancreatic beta-cell destruction and absolute insulin deficiency. T1DM accounts for about 90% of children with diabetes in China, with a rapid increase in incidence and a younger-age trend. Epidemiological studies have shown that the overall glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) and compliance rate are low in Chinese children with T1DM. Optimal glucose control is the key for diabetes treatment, and maintaining blood glucose within the target range can prevent or delay chronic vascular complications in patients with T1DM. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the glycemic control of children with T1DM from Hunan and Henan Province with flash glucose monitoring system (FGMS), and to explore factors associated with glycemic variability.@*METHODS@#A total of 215 children with T1DM under 14 years old were enrolled continuously in 16 hospitals from August 2017 to August 2020. All subjects wore a FGMS device to collect glucose data. Correlation of HbA1c, duration of diabetes, or glucose scan rates with glycemic variability was analyzed. Glucose variability was compared according to the duration of diabetes, HbA1c, glucose scan rates and insulin schema.@*RESULTS@#HbA1c and duration of diabetes were positively correlated with mean blood glucose, standard deviation of glucose, mean amplitude of glucose excursions (MAGE), and coefficient of variation (CV) of glucose (all P<0.01). The glucose scan rates during FGMS wearing was significantly positively correlated with time in range (TIR) (P=0.001) and negatively correlated with MAGE and mean duration of hypoglycemia (all P<0.01). Children with duration ≤1 year had lower time below range (TBR) and MAGE when compared with those with duration >1 year (all P<0.05). TIR and TBR in patients with HbA1c ≤7.5% were higher (TIR: 65% vs 45%, TBR: 5% vs 4%, P<0.05), MAGE was lower (7.0 mmol/L vs 9.4 mmol/L, P<0.001) than those in HbA1c >7.5% group. Compared to the multiple daily insulin injections group, TIR was higher (60% vs 52%, P=0.006), MAGE was lower (P=0.006) in the continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion group. HbA1c was lower in the high scan rates (≥14 times/d) group (7.4% vs 8.0%, P=0.046), TIR was significantly higher (58% vs 47%, P<0.001), and MAGE was lower (P<0.001) than those in the low scan rate (<14 times/d) group.@*CONCLUSIONS@#The overall glycemic control of T1DM patients under 14 years old in Hunan and Henan Province is under a high risk of hypoglycemia and great glycemic variability. Shorter duration of diabetes, targeted HbA1c, higher glucose scan rates, and CSII are associated with less glycemic variability.

Control glicémico perioperatorio / Perioperatory glycemic control

Diabetes is the most common endocrinopathy, in 2014, 8.6% of the population suffered from diabetes, and it was responsible for at least 3.7 million deaths per year. It is estimated that by that by 2050 more than 30% of the population will have this disease. In cardiovascular surgery, it is described that 5.2% of patients are undiagnosed diabetics and this rises to 10% -28% in non-cardiac surgeries. The adverse results are markedly high in those patients with poor glycemic control including an increase of more than 50% in mortality, as well as an increase in respiratory infections, surgical site infection, urinary infection, heart attack and acute kidney injury among others. During the preoperative period of patients with diabetes, it is important to review glycemic control and its current treatment, in addition to providing the patient instructions on how to adjust medications. Intraoperatively, any condition that leads to an uncontrolled increase in surgical stress must be controlled, since this in turn generates hyperglycemia. Knowledge of insulins, their pharmacology and schedules is essential to maintain blood glucose intraoperatively in normal ranges. Different practical algorithms are proposed for the correct and safe management of hyperglycemia in the perioperative period. All care should be continued in the postoperative period defining the continuity of the insulin therapies established and the postoperative care of the patient.

La diabetes es la endocrinopatía más común, en 2014, el 8,6% de la población padecía diabetes siendo responsable de 3,7 millones de muertes por año. Se estima que para el 2050 más del 30% de la población tendrá diabetes. En cirugía cardiovascular el 5,2% de los pacientes son diabéticos no diagnosticados, cifra que aumenta hasta 10%-28% en cirugías no cardíacas. Los resultados adversos son marcadamente elevados en aquellos pacientes con mal control incluyendo un aumento del 50% en la mortalidad, así mismo, incremento de infecciones respiratorias, infección del sitio quirúrgico, infección urinaria, infarto agudo de miocardio y lesión renal aguda, entre otros. Durante el preoperatorio de pacientes con diabetes, es importante revisar el control glucémico y su tratamiento, además de proporcionar al paciente instrucciones por escrito sobre cómo ajustarlo. En el intraoperatorio se debe controlar cualquier condición que lleve a un aumento del estrés quirúrgico pues este a su vez genera hiperglucemia. Es fundamental el conocimiento de las insulinas, su farmacología y esquemas para mantener glucemias en el intraoperatorio en rangos normales. Se proponen diferentes algoritmos prácticos para el correcto y seguro manejo de la hiperglucemia en el perioperatorio. La atención debe continuarse en el posoperatorio definiendo continuidad de terapias insulínicas instauradas y el adecuado cuidado del paciente.

Tecnologias utilizadas na minimização da hipoglicemia em pacientes adultos durante a infusão contínua de insulina / Hypoglycemia minimizing technologies used in adult patients during continuous infusion of insulin / Tecnologías utilizadas en la minimización de la hipoglucemia en pacientes adultos durante la infusión continua de la insulina

Objetivo: Identificar as tecnologias existentes para minimização de hipoglicemia em pacientes adultos durante a infusão contínua de insulina (ICI) venosa. Método: Revisão integrativa das produções científicas disponíveis em português, inglês e espanhol, indexadas nas bases de dados da Biblioteca Virtual de Saúde (BVS), tendo como recorte temporal os anos de 2005 a 2015. Resultados: Após a busca, seleção e análise dos artigos, foram selecionados 06 estudos para compor a amostra, os quais se encontravam disponíveis na integra, e que evidenciavam tecnologias existentes para a minimização da ocorrência de hipoglicemia durante a ICI venosa. A amostra caracterizou protocolos informatizados e protocolos de papel utilizados durante o tratamento. Conclusão: O estudo conseguiu identificar tecnologias que foram criadas para minimização da ocorrência de hipoglicemia durante a infusão contínua de insulina. Os protocolos informatizados foram considerados mais eficazes na minimização de eventos hipoglicêmicos

Objective: The study's purpose has been to identify existing technologies for minimizing hypoglycemia in adult patients undergoing continuous intravenous insulin infusion. Methods: It is an integrative review of scientific literature available in Portuguese, English and Spanish, indexed in the Virtual Health Library (VHL), over the period from 2005 to 2015. Results: After accomplishing the search, selection and analysis of the articles, 06 complete studies were found addressing the technologies to minimize hypoglycemia during continuous intravenous insulin infusion. This sample also featured computer protocols and paper protocols used during treatment. Conclusion: This research was able to identify technologies that were created to minimize the occurrence of hypoglycemia during continuous infusion of insulin. The computer protocols were considered to be more effective in minimizing hypoglycemic events

Objetivo: Identificar las tecnologías ya existentes para la minimización de la hipoglucemia en pacientes adultos durante la infusión continua de la insulina por las venas. Metodología: Revisión integrativa de las producciones científicas disponibles en portugués, inglés y español, indexadas en las bases de los datos de la Biblioteca virtual de salud (BVS) utilizando como marco de tiempo los años de 2005 a 2015. Resultados: Después de la búsqueda, selección y analice de los artículos, 06 fueron seleccionados para componer la amostra de estudio que se encuentra disponible, en su totalidad, donde evidenciaban tecnologías para la minimización de la hipoglucemia durante la ICI en las venas. La amostra caracterizó protocolos informatizados y protocolos de papel utilizados durante el tratamiento. Conclusión: El estudio consiguió identificar tecnologías que fueron creadas para minimizar las ocurrencias de hipoglucemias durante la infusión continua de la insulina. Los protocolos informatizados fueron considerados más eficaces en la minimización de las eventualidades hipoglucémicas

Insulina degludec en pacientes diabéticos tipo 1: observación a 18 meses / Degludec insulin in type 1 diabetic patients: 18 months of observation

Antecedentes: En el tratamiento de la diabetes se buscan insulinas de acción más prolongada y con menores tasas de hipoglicemias. Objetivo. Uso del análogo de insulina de acción ultralenta degludec en diabéticos tipo 1 (DM1) tratados previamente con glargina. Pacientes y método: Se observaron 230 DM1 durante 18 meses, promedio de edad 34 años y de diagnóstico 14 años, registrándose parámetros clínicos, bioquímicos, hipoglicemias y requerimientos de insulina (U/kg/peso), en régimen basal/bolo, con degludec y ultra-rápida precomidas. Degludec se ajustó quincenalmente. Resultados: A los 3 meses, la glicemia de ayunas disminuyó de 253mg/dl (243-270) a 180 mg/dl (172- 240), (p< 0,05); a los 6 meses a 156 mg/dl (137-180) (p< 0,05), a los 12 meses a 151 mg/dl (50-328) (p< 0,001) y a los 18 meses 150 (50-321) (p<0,001). La HbA1c, inicialmente de 10,6% (10,3-12,2) bajó a los 3 meses a 8,7% (8,2-11,1) (p< 0,05), a 6 meses a 8,3% (8,0-9,6) (p<0,05), a los 12 meses subió 9,0% (5,9-14,5) (p<0,001) y a los 18 meses 9,0% (5,9-14,6) (p<0,001). La dosis de degludec fue 0,5 U/kg/peso a los 18 meses. Hubo reducción de hipoglicemias: a los 3 meses 14 leves, 4 moderados 1 grave; a los 6 meses 8 leves, 2 moderados y ninguna grave; a los 12 meses 1 leve, y a los 18 meses 2 leves, 1 moderado y ninguna grave. Un 7,8% no presentó hipoglicemias. Conclusión: Degludec en DM1 mostró reducir las glicemias de ayunas y HbA1c, y menor número de hipoglicemias.

Background: In the treatment of diabetes, longer-acting insulins with lower rates of hypoglycaemia are sought. Objective. Use of ultralow-acting insulin analog degludec in type 1 diabetic patients (T1D) previously treated with glargine. Patients and method: 230 T1D patients were observed during 18 months, average of age 34 years and of diagnosis 14 years, registering clinical, biochemical, hypoglycemia and insulin requirements (U / kg / weight), in basal / bolus regimen, with degludec and ultra-fast pre-meals. Degludec adjusted himself fortnightly. Results: At 3 months, the fasting glycemia decreased from 253 mg / dl (243-270) to 180 mg / dl (172 - 240), (p <0.05); at 6 months at 156 mg / dl (137-180) (p <0.05), at 12 months at 151 mg / dl (50-328) (p <0.001) and at 18 months 150 (50-321) ;(p <0.001). HbA1c, initially of 10.6% (10.3-12.2), decreased after 3 months to 8.7% (8.2 - 11.1) (p <0.05), to 6 months to 8 months, 3% (8.0-9.6) (p <0.05), at 12 months it rose 9.0% (5.9-14.5) (p <0.001) and at 18 months 9.0 % (5.9-14.6) (p <0.001). The dose of degludec was 0.5 U / kg / weight at 18 months. There was reduction of hypoglycemia: at 3 months, 14 mild, 4 moderate, 1 severe; at 6 months 8 mild, 2 moderate and none serious; at 12 months 1 mild, and at 18 months 2 mild, 1 moderate and none serious. 7.8% did not present hypoglycemia. Conclusion: Degludec in T1D patients showed to reduce fasting glycemia and HbA1c, and lower number of hypoglycemia.

Insulinización en la diabetes mellitus tipo 2: Alternativas de intensificación / Insulinization in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Intensification options

La diabetes mellitus se asocia con complicaciones vasculares y elevadas tasas de morbimortalidad. La terapia oportuna con insulina y su intensificación cuando es necesaria, representan estrategias apropiadas para evitar o retardar la aparición de dichas complicaciones. Sin embargo, la incidencia de hipoglucemia y las dificultades en la adherencia al tratamiento representan barreras para alcanzar el éxito terapéutico. Las nuevas combinaciones de análogos de insulina constituyen tratamientos que presentarían ventajas farmacocinéticas y farmacodinámicas, logrando beneficios clínicos tales como un mejor control metabólico, la disminución de eventos hipoglucémicos y, por su simplicidad, potencialmente una mayor adherencia al tratamiento.

Diabetes mellitus is associated with vascular complications and high rates of morbidity and mortality. Timely insulin therapy, intensified when necessary, represent appropriate measures to prevent or delay the onset of complications. However, the incidence of hypoglycemia and difficulties in treatment adherence represent barriers to achieve therapeutic success. Premixes analogs and, specially, combinations of insulin analogues are associated with pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic advantages, that translate into clinical benefits such as improved metabolic control, decreased hypoglycemic events and, for their simplicity, potentially greater adherence.

Propostas de barreiras para o uso seguro da insulina intravenosa: contribuições da prática da enfermagem / Proposals for barriers for the safe use of intravenous solutions: contributions from the practice of nursing

O objeto deste estudo são as características clínicas para hipoglicemia grave em pacientes críticos no pós-operatório de cirurgia cardíaca submetidos a controle glicêmico intensivo. Tem como objetivo geral elaborar uma barreira para prevenir a hipoglicemia grave no paciente crítico que usa infusão contínua de insulina, centrada na identificação das características clínicas para este evento pelo enfermeiro. Esta pesquisa procura contribuir com a farmacovigilância da insulina e com a qualidade da assistência de enfermagem. Trata-se de um estudo de coorte retrospectivo, com análise em prontuário, desenvolvido em unidade cardiointensiva cirúrgica de um hospital público do Rio de Janeiro. Foram investigados 550 prontuários de 2012 a 2013, encontrando-se uma população de 168 pacientes que fizeram uso de insulina intravenosa em infusão contínua. As variáveis do estudo foram submetidas a tratamentos estatísticos não paramétricos e a medidas de associação. Os resultados mostram que a incidência de hipoglicemia geral foi de 8,97%, sendo a taxa de incidência de hipoglicemia grave de 2,85%. Dos 22 pacientes com hipoglicemia grave, observou-se que a maioria era homens (13,79%) com a mediana de idade de 57 anos, sobrepeso (10,34%), hipertensos (17,24%), diabéticos (10,34%) e isquêmicos (11,20%). Ao avaliar a média de escores de gravidade verificou-se o APACHE II de 16,36 (4,28), SOFA 6,18 (2,17) e a probabilidade média de óbito segundo o escore APACHE II de 10,90 (6,13). Apresentaram como fatores predisponentes para hipoglicemia grave estar em uso de aminas (p valor = 0.000000598), ter insuficiência renal (p valor = 0.005744), ter diabetes (p valor = 0,02588) e apresentar hematócrito inferior a 30% (p valor = 0.00009559). A média de utilização da insulina intravenosa foi de 13,03 (6,98) horas e tiveram uma mediana de 11 medidas glicêmicas. Três pacientes receberam insulina conforme o previsto pelo protocolo, 13 pacientes receberam insulina a mais e oito pacientes receberam insulina a menos. A média a de glicose ofertada foi de 1,16 (0,13) gramas/kg. A variação hipoglicêmica nos pacientes que fizeram insulina a mais foi de 13 mg/dl ­ 59 mg/dl. Entre os pacientes que utilizaram insulina a menos, verificamos uma variação de 34mg/dl ­ 58 mg/dl. Já os pacientes que se beneficiaram de insulina de acordo com o protocolo, apresentaram uma variação de 44 mg/dl ­ 56 mg/dl. Portanto, para garantir o uso seguro na infusão de insulina, descrevem-se alguns cuidados específicos de enfermagem baseados nos fatores predisponentes e na indicação clínica de cada paciente. Acredita-se que o problema principal envolvido seja a necessidade da enfermagem moderna evoluir na construção e/ou renovação das formas de executar suas técnicas de trabalho em consonância com o desenvolvimento dos novos tratamentos prestados. Com isso contribuir para a qualidade da assistência à saúde, obtendo melhores resultados e evitando desfechos desfavoráveis para os pacientes.

This study aims at the clinical characteristics for severe hypoglycemia in critical patients in the postoperative period of cardiac surgery submitted to intensive glucose control. It aims to set up a general barrier to prevent severe hypoglycemia in the critical patient using continuous insulin infusion, centered in identifying the clinical characteristics for this event by the nurse. This research seeks to contribute to insulin pharmacovigilance and to nursing care quality. It is a retrospective cohort study, with medical record analysis, developed in a surgical cardio intensive unit in a public hospital in Rio de Janeiro. 550 medical records were investigated from 2012 to 2013, finding a population of 168 patients who used intravenous continuous insulin infusion. Study variables were subjected to nonparametric statistical treatments and association measures. The results show that the hypoglycemia incidence rate was 8.97%, being the incidence rate of severe hypoglycemia 2.85%. Of 22 patients with severe hypoglycemia, it was noted that the majority were men (13.79%) with median age of 57 years, overweight (10.34%), hypertension (17.24%), diabetes (10.34%) and ischemic (11.20%). When evaluating the mean severity scores we found APACHE II 16.36 (4.28), SOFA 6.18 (2.17) and the mean probability of death according to the APACHE II score 10.90 (6.13). The following were found as predisposing factors for severe hypoglycemia, such as using amines (p value = 0.000000598), kidney failure (p value = 0.005744), diabetes mellitus (p value = 0.02588) and having hematocrit below 30% (p value = 0.00009559). The mean use of intravenous insulin was 13.03 (6.98) hours and had a median of 11 glucose measures. Three patients received insulin as provide by the protocol, 13 patients received more insulin, and eight patients received less insulin. The mean of offered glucose was 1.16 (0.13) g/kg. The hypoglycemic variation in patients who received more insulin was 13 mg/dl - 59 mg/dl. Among the patients who used less insulin, we see a variation of 34mg/dl - 58 mg/dl. However, the patients, who benefited from insulin according to the protocol, have a variation of 44 mg/dl ­ 56 mg/dl. Therefore, in order to ensure the safe use on insulin infusion, we describe some specific nursing cares based on predisposing factors and on the clinical indication of each patient. It is believed that the main problem involved is the need for modern nursing to evolve in the construction and/or renovation of ways to perform their work techniques in line with the development of the new treatments provided. With this in mind, contribute to the quality of health care, obtaining better results and avoiding adverse outcomes for the patients.

El objetivo de este estudio es indicar cuáles son las características clínicas para hipoglucemia grave en pacientes críticos, en el posoperatorio de cirugía cardíaca, sometidos a control glucémico intensivo. El estudio tiene como propósito general elaborar una barrera para prevenir la hipoglucemia grave en pacientes críticos que utilizan insulina intravenosa en infusión continua, y está enfocado para que el enfermero identifique las características clínicas en estos casos. Esta investigación busca contribuir con la farmacovigilancia de la insulina y con la calidad de la atención de la enfermería. Se trata de un estudio de cohorte retrospectivo, con análisis en la historia clínica, desarrollado en una unidad intensiva de cardiocirugía de un hospital público de Rio de Janeiro. Se investigaron 550 historias clínicas, de 2012 a 2013, donde se encontró 168 pacientes que utilizaron insulina intravenosa en infusión continua. Se sometieron las variables del estudio a tratamientos estadísticos no paramétricos y a medidas de asociación. Los resultados demuestran que la incidencia de hipoglucemia general fue de 8,97%, siendo la tasa de incidencia de hipoglucemia grave de 2,85%. De los 22 pacientes con hipoglucemia severa, se observó que la mayoría era hombres (13,79%) con un promedio de edad de 57 años, sobrepeso (10,34%), hipertensos (17,24%), diabéticos (10,34%) e isquémicos (11,20%). Al evaluar el promedio de los valores de gravedad, se comprobó APACHE II de 16,36 (4,28), SOFA de 6,18 (2,17) y la media de probabilidad de óbito, según el promedio APACHE II de 10,90 (6,13). Se presenta como factores predisponentes para la hipoglucemia severa el uso de aminas (valor p = 0.000000598), tener insuficiencia renal (valor p = 0.005744), tener diabetes (valor p = 0,02588) y presentar hematocrito inferior a 30% (valor p = 0.00009559). La media del uso de la insulina intravenosa fue de 13,03 (6,98) horas y realizaron cerca de 11 mediciones glucémicas. Tres pacientes recibieron insulina, según lo previsto por el protocolo; 13 pacientes recibieron más insulina y 8 pacientes recibieron menos insulina. La media de glucosa suministrada fue de 1,16 (0,13) gramos/kg. La variante hipoglucémica en pacientes que recibieron más insulina fue de 13 mg/dl ­ 59 mg/dl. Entre los pacientes que utilizaron menos insulina, se comprobó una variación de 34mg/dl ­ 58 mg/dl. En cambio, en pacientes que se beneficiaron de la insulina, según el protocolo, presentaron una variante de 44 mg/dl ­ 56 mg/dl. Por lo tanto, para garantizar el uso seguro de la infusión de insulina, se describen algunos cuidados específicos de enfermería, basados en factores predisponentes y en la indicación clínica para cada paciente. Se considera que la solución al problema principal implicado sea una enfermería moderna, que evolucione hacia la construcción y/o innovación de las formas de ejecutar técnicas de trabajo, en consonancia con el desarrollo de los nuevos tratamientos ofrecidos. Así, se podrá contribuir a la calidad de la asistencia a la salud, obteniendo mejores resultados y evitando resultados desfavorables a los pacientes.

Fatores predisponentes para hipoglicemia: aumentando a segurança do paciente crítico que utiliza insulina intravenosa / Predisposing factors for hypoglycemia: security measures for critical patients on intravenous insulin / Factores predisponentes para hipoglucemia: aumentando la seguridad del paciente crítico que utiliza la insulina intravenosa

Pesquisa com o objetivo de identificar os fatores predisponentes para hipoglicemia nos pacientes críticos que receberam infusão contínua de insulina. Estudo documental, retrospectivo, se rastrearam 550 prontuários dos anos de 2012 e 2013 de pacientes do pós-operatório de cirurgia cardíaca, dos quais 168 receberam insulina intravenosa e 74 apresentaram hipoglicemia grave. Os resultados principais apontam que entre os pacientes que apresentaram hipoglicemia grave, a maioria erado sexo masculino (60,11%), idosos (md=61,78), com sobrepeso (26,75Kg/m2,), hipertensos (78,57%) e isquêmicos (52,38%). Os fatores predisponentes encontrados para hipoglicemia, com significado estatístico foram ser diabético (OR=3,6), ter insuficiência renal (OR=5,4), em uso de aminas vasoativas (OR=3,1). Conclui-se que uma medida de segurança, para pacientes com estes fatores, é a coleta de amostras de sangue venoso e o uso de hemogasometros para a aferição da medida glicêmica.

Documentary, retrospective cross research aiming at describing the predisposing factors studied in critically ill patients receiving continuous insulin infusion. Tracking was made of five hundred and fifty (550) medical records for the years 2012 and 2013 of post-operative cardiac surgery patients who received intravenous insulin. Main results show that nearly half of the patients had at least one record of hypoglycemia, the majority were male (60.11%), elderly (md = 61.78), overweight (26,75Kg / m2), hypertense (78.57%), and ischemic (52.38%). Predisposing factors for hypoglycemia, with statistical significance identified among patients were as follows: diabetes (OR = 3.6); renal failure (OR = 5.4); and use of vasoactive amines (OR = 3.1). Conclusions identified security actions for patients in those conditions such as venous blood collection as well as the use of blood meters to assess glycemic levels.

Investigación con el objetivo de identificar los factores predisponentes para hipoglucemia en los pacientes críticos que recibieron infusión continua de insulina. Estudio documental, retrospectivo, se rastrearon 550 historiales de los años 2012 a 2013 de pacientes del posoperatorio de cirugía cardíaca, de los cuales 168 recibieron insulina intravenosa y 74 presentaron hipoglucemia grave. Los resultados principales apuntan que entre los pacientes que presentaron hipoglucemia grave, la mayoría era del sexo masculino (60,11%), ancianos (MD=61,78), con sobrepeso (26,75Kg/m2), hipertensos (78,57%) e isquémicos (52,38%). Los factores predisponentes encontrados para hipoglucemia, con significado estadístico fueron ser diabético (OR=3,6), tener insuficiencia renal (OR=5,4), en empleo de aminas vasoactivas (OR=3,1). Se llega a la conclusión de que una medida deseguridad, para pacientes con estos factores, es la recolecta de muestras de sangre venosa y el empleo de hemogasometría para la verificación de la medida glucémica.

Bariatric surgery – An update for the endocrinologist / Cirurgia bariátrica – Uma atualização para o endocrinologista

Obesity is a major public health problem, is associated with increased rates of mortality risk and of developing several comorbidities, and lessens life expectancy. Bariatric surgery is the most effective treatment for morbidly obese patients, reducing risk of developing new comorbidities, health care utilization and mortality. The establishment of centers of excellence with interdisciplinary staff in bariatric surgery has been reducing operative mortality in the course of time, improving surgical safety and quality. The endocrinologist is part of the interdisciplinary team. The aim of this review is to provide endocrinologists, physicians and health care providers crucial elements of good clinical practice in the management of morbidly obese bariatric surgical candidates. This information includes formal indications and contraindications for bariatric operations, description of usual bariatric and metabolic operations as well as endoscopic treatments, preoperative assessments including psychological, metabolic and cardiorespiratory evaluation and postoperative dietary staged meal progression and nutritional supplementation follow-up with micronutrient deficiencies monitoring, surgical complications, suspension of medications in type 2 diabetic patients, dumping syndrome and hypoglycemia. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab. 2014;58(9):875-88.

A obesidade é um problema de saúde pública, está associada com aumento do risco de mortalidade e de desenvolver diversas comorbidades e diminui a expectativa de vida. A cirurgia bariátrica é o tratamento mais eficaz para pacientes com obesidade mórbida, reduzindo o desenvolvimento de novas comorbidades, a utilização dos cuidados de saúde e a mortalidade. A criação de centros de excelência com equipes interdisciplinares em cirurgia bariátrica vem reduzindo a mortalidade operatória no decorrer do tempo, melhorando a segurança e a qualidade cirúrgica. O endocrinologista faz parte da equipe interdisciplinar. O objetivo desta revisão é fornecer aos endocrinologistas, médicos e prestadores de cuidados de saúde elementos cruciais de boas práticas clínicas no tratamento de pacientes com obesidade mórbida candidatos à cirurgia bariátrica. Essas informações incluem indicações formais e contraindicações para as operações bariátricas, descrição das operações bariátricas e metabólicas habituais, bem como tratamentos endoscópicos, avaliação pré-operatória, incluindo avaliação cardiorrespiratória psicológica, metabólica e no pós-operatório, dieta com refeições progressivamente estagiadas e seguimento com suplementação nutricional e monitoramento de deficiências de micronutrientes, complicações cirúrgicas, suspensão de medicamentos em pacientes diabéticos tipo 2, síndrome de dumping e hipoglicemia. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab. 2014;58(9):875-88.

Asociación entre educación, conocimiento y número de hipoglicemias auto-reportadas en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 / Association between education, knowledge and number of self-reported episodes of hypoglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Evaluar, en pacientes con Diabetes Mellitus (DM) tipo 2, la asociación entre el grado de conocimiento acerca de hipoglicemias, con el número de éstas, la mayor prevalencia de hipoglicemia severa y el tratamiento antidiabético usado. Pacientes y Método: Estudio transversal. Se aplicó encuesta de conocimiento acerca de hipoglicemia (5 preguntas de alternativa) a pacientes adultos hospitalizados en un periodo de cuatro meses; se registró el número de hipoglicemias reportadas por los pacientes en los últimos 12 meses; y el tipo de tratamiento utilizado para la DM en este periodo. Resultados: 71 pacientes; 34 mujeres, media de 65 años de edad. El promedio de respuestas correctas fue de 2,42. Los pacientes que refirieron haber recibido alguna vez educación, tuvieron más respuestas correctas (p=0.0004); tendencia a menor número de hipoglicemias durante el último año (p=0,191) y mayor presencia de hipoglicemia severas (p=0,158). No hubo correlación significativa entre el número de hipoglicemias reportadas y el número de respuestas correctas (r= 0.0088 de Spearman). En relación al tipo de tratamiento hipoglicemiante, no se observaron diferencias significativas entre haber recibido educación y el número de hipoglicemia referidas (p=0,771), así como tampoco con la presencia de hipoglicemias severas (p=0,347). Discusión: Destaca el escaso conocimiento acerca de la hipoglicemia en este grupo de pacientes. Aquellos con más conocimientos reportaron menos hipoglicemias; probablemente porque las sabenprevenir. Destaca el mayor número de hipoglicemias severas en pacientes con más conocimiento, tal vez por mayor reporte. La educación sigue siendo un pilar fundamental en el manejo de pacientes con DM...

Assess, in patients with Diabetes Mellitus (DM) type 2, the association between the knowledge about hypoglicemia and the number of episodes of them, the highest prevalence of severe hypoglycemia, and antidiabetic treatment. Methods: Cross-sectional study. A survey of hypoglycemia (5 questions of alternatives)were provided to hospitalized patients during a period of four months; the number of episodes the patients reported were registered for 12 months, as was the type of treatment used during this period. Results: 71 patients; 34 women, mean age 65 years. The average number of correct answers was 2.42. Patients who had received some kind of education about hypoglycemia had more correct answers (p =0.0004); they trended to fewer episodes during the preceding year (p = 0.191) and more episodes of severe hypoglycemia (p=0.158). There isn’t a statistically significant association between the number of episodes of hypoglycemia and the number of correct answers (Spearman r=0.0088). Regarding the type of hypoglycemic treatment, there are no significant differences between having received education and the reported number of episodes of hypoglycemia (p=0.771), nor with the presence of severe hypoglycemia (p=0.347). Conclusions: It’s worth noting the limited knowledge about hypoglycemia in this patient group. Those with more knowledge reported less episodes of hypoglycemia, most likely because they know how to prevent the episodes from occurring. The greater number of incidents of severe hypoglycemia in patients with more knowledge may be due to better recognition of the severity and reporting it. Education remains a mainstay in the management of patients with DM...

Adherencia terapéutica y flexibilidad en el uso de las insulinas basales

Desde 1921, los beneficios alcanzados por las investigaciones sobre insulinoterapia han sido constantes. Sin embargo, el temor a las hipoglucemias y la rigidez horaria para administrar la insulina aún interfieren sobre la adherencia al tratamiento, que es esencial para lograr un buen control de la glucemia y minimizar las complicaciones en los pacientes con diabetes. En este contexto, se analiza la posibilidad de utilizar un análogo de insulina ultra-lento (degludec) que posee un perfil farmacocinético prolongado y predecible por más de 24 horas. En ensayos clínicos demostró que, al administrarlo en un esquema de dosis flexible mantiene un buen control de la glucemia, sin que aumente el riesgo de hipoglucemias. Si bien en la práctica clínica es aconsejable seguir un plan establecido, la posibilidad de flexibilizar el horario en la aplicación diaria del análogo ultra-lento en caso de ser necesario, podría mejorar la adherencia en pacientes con una vida social y laboral activa y poco previsible.

Since 1921, the benefits achieved by insulin therapy research have been constant. However, the fear of a hypoglycemia incidence and rigid time schedules of insulin therapy still interfere with treatment adherence, which is essential to achieve optimal glycemic control and minimize complications in diabetic patients. The possibility of using an ultra long-acting insulin analogue (degludec), which has an extensive and predictable pharmacokinetic profile over 24 hours, is analyzed in this context. Clinical trials have shown that this ultra long-acting insulin analogue administered in a flexible dosage treatment, reached a good glycaemic control with no increase on hypoglycemia risk. Although to follow a predefined plan in clinical practice is recommended, the possibility of flexibility in day to day dosage timing of this specific insulin analogue on requirement, could improve adherence in patients with a non-predictable and active social life and workday.

Tratamiento con múltiples dosis de insulina y conteo de hidratos de carbono: su relación con el aumento de peso, frecuencia de hipoglucemia y control glucémico en una población de adultos con diabetes tipo 1 / Effect of multiple-dose insulin therapy and carbohydrate counting on weight gain, frequency of hypoglycemia and glycemic control in an adult population with type 1 diabetes / Tratamento com múltiplas doses deinsulina e contagem de carboidratos: Sua relação com o aumento de peso,frequência de hipoglicemia e controle glicêmico em uma populaçãode adultos com diabetes tipo 1

La insulinoterapia intensificada con conteo de hidratos de carbono es actualmente considerada la mejor herramienta terapéutica disponible para los diabéticos tipo 1. Sin embargo, con su empleo aún es difícil alcanzar las metas de control glucémico propuestas en los consensos y se le atribuye promover tanto el aumento del peso como la prevalencia de hipoglucemias. Objetivo: Describir una población de pacientes diabéticos tipo 1 con insulinoterapia intensificada. Material y métodos: Estudio descriptivo, de corte transversal, con pacientes diabéticos tipo 1 con insulinoterapia intensificada y diferentes niveles de aplicación del conteo de hidratos de carbono, que se atienden en la Sección Diabetes Tipo 1 de la División Nutrición del Hospital de Clínicas “José de San Martín”, que hayan concurrido a la consulta por lo menos 1 vez en el período comprendido entre julio de 2011 a julio 2012 y que los datosa registrar pudieran rescatarse de la historia clínica. De la HC se obtuvieron los siguientes: sexo; edad; peso; talla; índice de masa corporal (IMC); tipo de tratamiento para la diabetes; nivel de entrenamiento en el conteo de hidratos de carbono; frecuencia de hipoglucemias; valor de hemoglobina glicosilada (HbA1c), antigüedad de la enfermedad, años de seguimiento. En el análisis estadístico se obtuvo la media y el desvío estándar (DS) utilizando la versión 17.0 del programa estadístico SPSS. También se obtuvieron los porcentajes de presentación de cada variable. Resultados: Se obtuvieron datos de 34 pacientes: 7 hombres y 27 mujeres. La media de IMC de la población fuede 24.28 kg/m2. El 97,28% de las pacientes...

Intensive insulin therapy, together with carbohydrate counting, is currently considered the best therapeutic strategy for the management of type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM1). However, goals of glycemic control proposed by consensus are still difficult to achieve with this therapy,which has also been associated with weight gain and increased hypoglycemia. Objective: To describe a population of patients with DM1, who were treated with intensive insulin therapy. Material and methods: This descriptive, cross-sectional study included type 1 diabetics who underwent intensive insulin therapy and used different levels of the carbohydrate counting method. All these patients were attending the Type 1 Diabetes Section of the Nutrition Division at the“José de San Martín” Clinical Hospital and they made at least one follow-up visit between July 2011 and July 2012. Only those with complete medical records were included in the study. The following information wastaken from their medical records: sex, age, weight, height, body mass index (BMI), treatment for diabetes, training level in the carbohydrate counting method, frequency of hypoglycemia, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) value, duration of the disease, number of follow-up years. The statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 17.0 software, mean and standard deviation (SD) values were calculated. Also the percentages of each variablewere calculated...

A insulinoterapia intensificada com contagem de carboidratos é atualmente considerada a melhor ferramenta terapêutica disponível para os diabéticos tipo 1. No entanto, com seu emprego ainda é difícil alcançar as metas de controle glicêmico propostas nosconsensos e atribui-se a tal terapia promover tanto o aumento do peso quanto a prevalência de hipoglicemias. Objetivo: Descrever uma população de pacientes diabéticostipo 1 com insulinoterapia intensificada. Material e métodos: Estudo descritivo, de corte transversal, com pacientes diabéticos tipo 1 com insulinoterapia intensificada e diferentes níveis de aplicação de contagem de carboidratos, que são mencionados na Seção Diabetes Tipo 1 da Divisão de Nutrição do Hospital de Clínicas /"José de San Martín/", que tenham ido à consulta pelo menos 1 vez no período compreendido entre julhode 2011 a julho 2012 e que os dados a registrar pudessem ser resgatados da história clínica. Da HC foram obtidos o seguinte: sexo; idade; peso; altura; índice de massacorpórea (IMC); tipo de tratamento para diabetes; nível de treinamento na contagem de carboidratos; frequência de hipoglicemias; valor de hemoglobina glicosilada (HbA1c), antiguidade da doença, anos de seguimento. Na análise estatística obteve-se a média e o desvio padrão (DS) utilizando a versão 17.0 do programa estatístico SPSS. Também foram obtidas as porcentagens de apresentação de cada variável. Resultados: Foram obtidos dados de 34 paciente ...

Etilefrina para la corrección de la hipotensión arterial materna durante cesáreas bajo bloque subaracnoideo y riesgo de hipoglucemia neonatal, Hospital Guillermo Almenara, Enero a Marzo del 2013 / Etilefrine for correction of maternal hypotension during caesarean section with subarachnoid block and risk of neonatal hypoglycemia, Hospital Guillermo Almenara, January to March 2013

Introducción: El presente estudio analizó casos de gestantes sometidas a bloqueo subaracnoideo (BSA) para cesárea y que necesitaron el uso de etilefrina para la corrección de la hipotensión arterial materna. Métodos: Se incluyeron a las gestantes sometidas a cesárea bajo BSA en el periodo enero a marzo del 2013, en el Hospital Almenara de Lima Perú, se excluyeron a los neonatos inmaduros, con RCIU, hijos de madres diabéticas, con enfermedad hemolítica RH, con asfixia, sepsis, policitemia y/o hipotermia neonatal, y se compararon las glicemias de la primera y segunda hora de vida de los neonatos, agrupados según el factor de exposición (administración de etilefrina a sus madres durante la cesárea), mediante la prueba estadística del t de student y en tablas de contingencia se calculó el riesgo relativo para la exposición. Resultados: La edad promedio para ambos grupos de pacientes es 30 años, la talla promedio del grupo expuesto es 1.55m y del grupo no expuesto es 1.57m, la mediana para el peso del grupo expuesto es 69 Kg y del grupo no expuesto es 72 Kg, la mediana para la edad gestacional del grupo expuesto es 38 semanas y del grupo no expuesto es 39 semanas. El promedio del peso de los neonatos del grupo expuesto es 3318 g y del grupo no expuesto es 3444 g. El promedio de la glicemia en la primera hora de vida de los neonatos del grupo expuesto es 57 mg/dl y del grupo no expuesto es 56 mg/dl; el promedio de la glicemia en la segunda hora de vida de los neonatos del grupo expuesto es 63 mg/dl y del grupo no expuesto es 65 mg/dl. La prueba de t de student para el promedio de las glicemias a la primera y segunda hora de vida de los neonatos, no mostró diferencias significativas entre ambos grupos, pero en las tablas de contingencia se calculó un riesgo relativo para el factor de exposición de 2.68 (IC 95 por ciento 0.68 a 10.47), es decir la exposición es un factor de riesgo pero sin asociación causal. Conclusiones: Existe mayor riesgo de hipoglicemia neonatal...

Background: The present study analyzed cases of pregnant women undergoing subarachnoid block (BSA) for cesarean section and requiring the use of ethylephrine to correct maternal hypotension. Methods: We included pregnant women undergoing cesarean section under BSA in the period January to March 2013, at the Hospital Almenara in Lima Peru, were excluded immature newborns with IUGR, newborns of diabetic mothers with RH hemolytic disease, with asphyxia, sepsis, polycythemia and/or neonatal hypothermia and compared the glucose levels of the first and second hour of life for newborns, grouped according to the exposure factor (ethylephrine administration to their mothers during caesarean section), using the statistical test Student's t contingency tables and calculated the relative risk for exposure. Results: The average age for both groups of patients is 30 years, the average size of the exposed group is 1.55m the unexposed group is 1.57m, the median weight is 69 kg exposed group and the unexposed group is 72 kg, the median gestational age of 38 weeks is exposed group and the unexposed group is 39 weeks. The average weight of the newborns in the exposed group is 3318 g and the unexposed group is 3444 g. The mean blood glucose in the first hour of life of newborns exposed group is 57 mg/dI and the unexposed group is 56 mg/dI, the mean blood glucose during the second hour of life of newborns in the exposed group is 63 mg/dI. and the unexposed group is 65 mg/dI. The Student t test for average blood glucose for the first and second hour of life of newborns showed no significant differences between both groups, but in the contingency tables was calculated relative risk for the exposure factor of 2.68 (95 per cent Cl 0.68 to 10.47), the exposure is a risk factor but no causal association. Conclusions: There is increased risk of neonatal hypoglycemia associated with the use of ethylephrine to correct maternal hypotension during caesarean section under BSA.

Hypoglycaemia in anesthesiology practice: diagnostic, preventive, and management strategies

Diabetes mellitus has emerged as one of the fastest growing non communicable diseases worldwide. Management of diabetic patients during surgical and critically illness is of paramount challenge to anesthesiologist and intensivist. Among its major acute complications, hypoglycemia has been given lesser attention as compared to other major acute complications; diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar non ketotic coma. However, newer studies and literary evidence have established the serious concerns of morbidity and mortality, both long- and short-term, related to hypoglycemia. basis. Invariably, diabetic patients are encountered in our daily routine practice of anesthesia. During fasting status as well as the perioperative period, it is hypoglycemia that is of high concern to anesthesiologist. Management has to be based on clinical, pharmacological, social, and psychological basis, so as to completely prevent the complications arising from an acute episode of hypoglycemia. This review aims to highlight various aspects of hypoglycemia and its management both from endocrine and anesthesia perspective

The effects of anesthetic regimen in 90% hepatectomy in rats / Os efeitos do regime anestésico na hepatectomia de 90% em ratos

PURPOSE: To evaluate the influence of the anesthetic regimen on anesthetic recovery, survival, and blood glucose levels following a 90% partial hepatectomy in rats. METHODS: Thirty adult male Wistar rats were divided into two groups according to their anesthetic regimens: intraperitoneal ketamine and xylazine or inhaled isoflurane. In order to prevent hypoglycemia, glucose was administered intraperitoneally and glucose (20%) was added to the drinking water. RESULTS: Anesthetic recovery time was longer in the ketamine and xylazine group. The survival rate after 72 hours was lower (log rank=0.0001) in the ketamine and xylazine group (0.0%) than in the isoflurane group (26.7%). The blood glucose after six hours was lower (p=0.017) in the ketamine and xylazine group (63±31.7 mg/dL) than in the isoflurane group (98±21.2 mg/dL). The prolonged anesthesia recovery time associated with ketamine and xylazine decreased the survival rate and blood glucose levels after 90% hepatectomy. CONCLUSION: Isoflurane anesthesia reduced the recovery time and incidence of hypoglycemia and increased the survival rate in the early hours, providing a therapeutic window that is suitable for experimental studies.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a influência do regime anestésico sobre a recuperação anestésica, a sobrevida em 72 horas e a glicemia após hepatectomia parcial de 90% em ratos. MÉTODOS: Trinta ratos Wistar machos adultos foram distribuídos em dois grupos conforme o regime anestésico: combinação de ketamina e xilazina intraperitoneal ou isoflurano inalatório. Para prevenção de hipoglicemia foi administrada glicose intraperitoneal e adicionado glicose (20%) na água de beber. RESULTADOS: A recuperação anestésica no grupo ketamina e xilazina foi mais prolongada. Durante primeira hora após hepatectomia, nenhum rato anestesiado com ketamina e xilazina despertou. Todos do grupo isoflurano estavam ativos minutos após final da cirurgia. A sobrevida em 72 horas foi menor (Log rank=0,0001) no grupo ketamina e xilazina (0,0%) que no grupo isoflurano (26,7%). Glicemia em 6 horas do grupo ketamina e xilazina (63±31,7 mg/dL) foi menor (p=0,017) que no grupo isoflurano (98 ±21,2 mg/dL). Prolongado tempo de recuperação anestésica com ketamina e xilazina diminuiu sobrevida e glicemia após hepatectomia 90%. CONCLUSÃO: Anestesia com isoflurano reduziu tempo de recuperação e hipoglicemia, além de aumentar a sobrevida nas primeiras horas, possibilitando uma janela terapêutica adequada para estudos experimentais.

Atividade física na criança com diabetes tipo 1 / Physical activity in children with type 1 diabetes

OBJETIVO: Abordar os aspectos práticos da realização segura de atividade física e esportes em crianças e adolescentes portadores de diabetes tipo 1. FONTES DOS DADOS: A pesquisa dos artigos foi conduzida em fontes de dados nacionais (SciELO) e internacionais (PubMed/MEDLINE), assim como nas próprias referências dos artigos encontrados, adotando como limites: artigos publicados nos últimos 10 anos, preferencialmente conduzidos em crianças e adolescentes com diabetes tipo 1, sendo em sua maioria estudos experimentais e meta-análises sobre atividade física. SÍNTESE DOS DADOS: Com o metabolismo aeróbico, os músculos esqueléticos consomem maior quantidade de glicose para gerar energia, o que diminui a gliconeogênese hepática, levando a uma diminuição na glicemia e aumentando o risco de hipoglicemia. A reposição de carboidratos antes, durante e após o exercício em quantidade adequada e a redução da dose de insulina de ação rápida (pré-refeição) são os principais aliados da criança e adolescente com diabetes tipo 1 para evitar a ocorrência da hipoglicemia severa. CONCLUSÕES: Para a reposição de carboidratos e a redução da dose de insulina, deve-se considerar o tipo, a duração e a intensidade da atividade física, bem como o horário de sua realização. A participação em diversos esportes, coletivos e individuais, e em atividades físicas de intensidades variadas é possível, sendo muito recomendado no tratamento do diabetes infantil.

OBJECTIVE: To discuss the practical aspects of safe physical activity and sports participation in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus. SOURCES: A literature search was conducted using national (SciELO) and international (PubMed/MEDLINE) databases and the reference lists of the articles found, adopting the following limits: articles on physical activity published in the last 10 years, preferably conducted in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Most studies had an experimental design or were meta-analyses. SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS: Skeletal muscle glucose uptake is greater during aerobic metabolism in order to generate energy for muscle contraction, which suppresses hepatic gluconeogenesis and thus promotes a decrease in blood glucose levels and increased risk of hypoglycemia. Adequate carbohydrate replacement before, during, and after exercise and reduction of preprandial rapid-acting insulin doses are the main allies in avoiding severe hypoglycemic events among diabetic children and adolescents. CONCLUSIONS: Type, duration, and intensity of physical activity must be considered when planning carbohydrate replacement and insulin dose reduction, as must the timing of exercise. Nonetheless, physical activity and participation in many individual and team sports is possible and highly recommended in the treatment of type 1 diabetes in children and adolescents.

Substituição da insulina NPH por insulina glargina em uma coorte de pacientes diabéticos: estudo observacional / Switching of NPH insulin to glargine therapy in a cohort of poorly controlled diabetic patients: observational study

Este estudo avaliou o impacto da introdução da insulina glargina na terapia basal/bólus em pacientes com diabetes mellitus do tipo 1 (DM1) e do tipo 2 (DM2), com controle inadequado (A1c > 6,9 por cento) em uso prévio de insulina basal NPH. Foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo, não-controlado, com 49 pacientes (28F/21M), idade média 24,7 ± 16,5 anos, tempo de diabetes de 13,2 ± 10,1, sendo 93,1 por cento dos pacientes com DM1, que receberam insulina glargina combinada com insulina ultra-rápida (aspart/lispro) pré-refeições, durante 90 dias de seguimento. Foram analisados dose total de insulina, incidência de hipoglicemias, crises convulsivas, complicações hiperglicêmicas (cetoacidose) e níveis de A1c antes e após três meses do uso da insulina glargina. Os valores de A1c foram determinados pelo método HPLC, com valores de referência de 4,3 por cento a 6,9 por cento. Após 3 meses da modificação do esquema basal para insulina glargina, observou-se redução significativa dos níveis de A1c (10,2 ± 2,0 vs. 9,1 ± 1,8 por cento; p= 0,019). Além disso, verificou-se redução de 0,11 U/kg/dia na dose total de insulina utilizada (NPH: 0,75 U/kg para 0,64 U/kg de insulina glargina; p< 0,05). O uso da insulina glargina associou-se com redução das crises hipoglicêmicas (p= 0,02), crises convulsivas por hipoglicemia grave (p= 0,023) e nenhum caso de cetoacidose (p= 0,001). Este estudo corrobora a eficácia da introdução da insulina glargina em pacientes diabéticos mal controlados, em uso prévio de insulina NPH, com redução importante dos níveis de A1c. Estima-se uma melhora da qualidade de vida desses pacientes, marcada pela redução de eventos hipoglicêmicos (inclusive os graves), episódios de cetoacidose e utilização de menor dose diária de insulina, com provável impacto em políticas de saúde pública.

This study examined the impact of insulin glargine introduction in basal-bolus therapy in type 1 and type 2 diabetic patients with inadequate metabolic control (A1c > 6.9 percent) using previous NPH insulin regime. In this uncontrolled, retrospective study, 49 patients (28F/21M), average age 24.7 ± 16.5, mean duration of DM 13.2 ± 10.1 yrs., 93.1 percent DM1 patients, received insulin glargine plus mealtime rapid-acting insulin (lispro or aspart) followed by 90-day treatment. We analyzed mean total insulin dose, incidence of hypoglycemic events, convulsive crisis, hyperglycemic complications and A1c levels before and after three months of introduction of glargine therapy. A1c values were determined using the HPLC instrument, with a normal range of 4.3 percent to 6.9 percent. After switching to insulin glargine therapy, mean A1c dropped from 10.2 ± 2.0 to 9.1 ± 1.8 percent, with significant impact (p= 0.019). We observed a significant reduction of 0.11U/kg/day in total insulin dose, dropped from 0.75U/kg of NPH to 0.64U/kg of glargine, with significant correlation (p< 0.05). The introduction of glargine therapy was coincident with a decrease of hypoglycemic crisis (p= 0.02), convulsive events due to hypoglycemia (severe hypoglycemic crisis) (p= 0.023) and ketosis (p= 0.001) switching MDI-treated patients with improvement of metabolic control (reduction of A1c levels). This therapy improved quality of life in these patients due to a significant reduction of hypoglycemic (including severe) events, ketosis episodes and total daily insulin dose, with important impact on health public services.